His mother pawned her wedding and engagement rings to help pay the tuition. Marshall reste juge à la cour d'appel (circuit judge) jusqu'en 1965, date à laquelle le président Lyndon Baines Johnson le nomme Avocat général des États-Unis, poste qui consiste à diriger toute la défense du gouvernement fédéral devant les tribunaux[24]. Norma became pregnant just prior to her graduation; however, she later completed her degree and William was in full support of her becoming a college graduate. He has also represented numerous witnesses involved in congressional investigations. Dans ce cadre, en 1936, Thurgood Marshall se fait connaître par sa plaidoirie avec Charles Hamilton Houston du cas Murray v. Pearson (en) devant la Cour d'appel du Maryland. It was felt that the person who so successfully fought for the rights of America's oppressed minority would be the perfect person to ensure the rights of the White citizens in these two former European colonies. The photo is Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity pledges (Marshall is 2nd from right in middle row). Marshall wanted to attend the University of Maryland Law School but did not apply after it became clear that he would not be admitted into the segregated institution. Marshall's first major court case came in 1933 when he successfully sued the University of Maryland to admit a young African American Amherst University graduate named Donald Gaines Murray. En 1936, il emménage à New York pour travailler à plein temps pour la NAACP. Justice Marshall wrote an extremely strong dissenting opinion citing Brown v. Board of Education. Justice Marshall’s appointment came at a pivotal time in American history, following his two-year appointment by President John F. Kennedy as United States Solicitor General (1965-1967). He is serving or has served on various boards, specifically the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service, Board of Trustees of the Ford Foundation, National Fish and Wildlife Association, Corrections Corporation of America, Third Way, National Women's Law Center, University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service, and Supreme Court Historical Society. Marshall also met and married Vivian Burey in 1929, then a student at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. During his first years on the High Court, Justice Marshall signed very few dissents as he generally voted with the liberal majority of justices who were on the Court at that time. ", But they serve a deeper purpose, Brennan continued. He earned baccalaureate and juris doctor degrees from the University of Virginia. He worked extensively on legislative initiatives ranging from antitrust, criminal procedure, corporate crime, insurance, intellectual property and telecommunications, to consumer protection, transportation safety and product liability. reversed the conviction of four black men accused of murder on grounds that excessive police pressure and coercion rendered their confessions inadmissible. As Secretary of Public Safety, Marshall has responsibility for the oversight of 14 agencies and over 22,000 employees, including the Department of Corrections, Virginia National Guard and the Virginia State Police. Benton v. Maryland in 1969, which gave defendants protection against double jeopardy in state courts. Les archives de Thurgood Marshall sont déposées à la bibliothèque du Congrès, où elles y sont consultables. His father, William Marshall, instilled in him from youth an appreciation for … In those cases in which his arguments did not prevail, Justice Marshall continued his track record of strongly worded dissents. It was renamed after President Abraham Lincoln in 1866. Justice Marshall died on January 24, 1993. À l'université Lincoln, il fait la connaissance de Kwame Nkrumah, le futur président du Ghana, du poète Langston Hughes ou encore du jazzman Cab Calloway. His decisions were sometimes met with the intense opposition of his peers on many issues of national prominence such as the death penalty, abortion, desegregation and laws affecting the rights of the poor. The Morgan decision served as the legal basis for the celebrated "Freedom Rides" of the early 1960s. Ses parents souhaitaient qu'il devienne dentiste comme son frère, mais il préfère s'orienter vers le droit. Ce dernier arrêt déclare que la ségrégation dans l'enseignement supérieur est inconstitutionnelle car contraire à l'égale protection devant la loi garantie par le Quatorzième amendement[17],[18],[19]. In June 1991, he officially announced its retirement but continued to serve the law until his health prevented him from leaving his home. A year later, with Houston as his adviser, Marshall won his first major racial discrimination case, Murray v. Pearson, which ended segregation of the University of Maryland's Law School. This sparked the beginning of Justice Marshall’s foray into writing a number of dissents, a practice that he would continue until his retirement in 1991 and also resulted in others in the judicial system to dub him “The Great Dissenter.” Two of his early and best known dissenting opinions occurred in two cases that shared similarities with Brown v. Board of Education. He is serving or has served on various boards, specifically the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service, Board of Trustees of the Ford Foundation, National Fish and Wildlife Association, Corrections Corporation of America, Third Way, National Women's Law Center, University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service, and Supreme Court Historical Society. Il repose au cimetière national d'Arlington (comté d'Arlington, Virginie)[37]. La citation « We must dissent from the apathy. Supreme Court justice and civil rights advocate. During the time of John’s birth, polls among African Americans revealed that Marshall, Sr. was tied with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. for the title of “Most Important Black Leader” for his stance on civil rights. Over the next five years, Justice Marshall faced tremendous pressure as new cases that went to the heart of his lifelong efforts on civil rights erupted and came before the Court, including a new cases on abortion, affirmative action and contracts for minority businesses. Prior to his appointment by Governor Kaine, Marshall was appointed Secretary of Public Safety by Governor Mark R. Warner in January 2002. The Court voted 6-3 in support of Justice Marshall’s arguments, giving him a needed victory. Il est le premier juge afro-américain à avoir siégé, de 1967 à 1991, à la Cour suprême des États-Unis. In 1974, black parents sued after the Detroit courts would not approve their request that the black urban school district and the white suburban school districts be merged to promote integration. He provides guidance regarding ethics compliance and corporate governance and has developed legislative and regulatory strategies for clients involved in corporate mergers, professional and amateur sports, commercial aviation, utility and banking regulation, pharmaceuticals, and legal process reforms. Marshall was born to Norma A. Marshall and William Canfield on July 2, 1908. The justices were divided on the issue as well and Justice Marshall was openly aggressive in trying to the shape the Court’s opinion. He currently lives in Virginia with his wife Teddi Marshall and their two sons, Will and Patrick. The play is based on the life and times of the late Justice Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American to sit on the United States Supreme Court and NAACP’s lead counsel in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case. The 1970s: A Time of Change In this moving role, Fishburne narrates the life of Thurgood Marshall from his days waiting tables at a country club to his tenure as a United States Supreme Court Justice. An attorney who served as White House Cabinet Secretary during President Clinton’s administration, Thurgood Marshall, Jr. also sits on the board of directors of CoreCivic, the nation’s largest for-profit prison company. In that position, he was the liaison between the president and the executive branch agencies. Upon confirmation by the U.S. Senate, Marshall took office as Director in November of 1999. Chambers v. Florida (1940) The case was long and particularly divisive, ending a 5-4 majority voting against the university, which was a great disappointment to Justice Marshall. Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). Broadway.com describes Thurgood as: “a triumph of courage—not just for the man, but for the nation he bravely challenged and proudly served.” By 1990, amid failing health and as the sole justice appointed by a Democratic president, Justice Marshall continued writing strongly-worded dissents in response to the Court’s notably regressive stand on civil rights cases. Fishburne, the recipient of Drama Desk, Tony and Emmy awards as well as a nomination for an Academy Award, has an acting career that spans more than 35 years. Secretary of Public Safety John W. Marshall. Surely, Justice Marshall recognized that the stories made us – his colleagues – confront walks of life we had never know.". The nation was also grappling with several national issues that had bitterly divided Americans such as civil rights, the Vietnam War, desegregation of public schools, integration, race relations, abortion and the growing competitiveness between conservative views and liberal views and interestingly, many of those issues would come before the High Court during Justice Marshall’s 24-year term of service. Together, Marshall and Houston mapped a long-term strategy to challenge and eradicate segregation in the United States that focused chiefly but not exclusively on education. He was later appointed a steward in Chesapeake Bay at the Gibson Island Club. Thurgood Marshall had given his life to the crusade for civil rights and justice for all, leaving an indelible imprint on history and on the lives of future generations of Americans. He saw some major victories such as two cases involving the death penalty for mentally ill inmates being overturned. Marshall convinced the NAACP to abandon that approach and said he would accept only cases that challenged segregation itself. The rejection stung deeply, but he refused to be deterred from a legal education by enrolling at one of America's most distinguished HBCUs, Howard University Law School in Washington, D.C. These early experiences reinforced many of the deepest convictions that shaped Marshall's professional career, including the importance of education for individual advancement, a deep respect for the legal profession, and the recognition of the bonds of family and community. Biographers Michael Davis and Hunter Clark note that, "none of his (Marshall's) 98 majority decisions was ever reversed by the Supreme Court." Marshall described himself as a "hell raiser" as a child, and while his naturally argumentative nature may have gotten him into a certain amount of trouble, it would prove a useful trait as a lawyer. The victory over the school that had previously denied him admittance was especially sweet for Marshall, but the decision didn't strike at the heart of segregation since it was won on the grounds that the state of Maryland could not provide a credible "separate but equal" institution for providing African Americans with a legal education. Amazon.com: Thurgood Marshall Jr. Furthermore, Marshall’s parents were against segregation, and instilled education as a means of uplift for their children. • Abraham, Henry J. After completing high school in 1925, Thurgood followed his brother, William Aubrey Marshall, at the historically black Lincoln University in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Marshall's exposure to the law and the Constitution was unusually early. Before his subsequent nomination to the United States Supreme Court in 1967, Thurgood Marshall won 14 of the 19 cases he argued before the Supreme Court on behalf of the government. Une notoriété rapide en tant qu'avocat de la NAACP, « ce qu'il faut faire, le moment pour le faire, l'homme qu'il faut au poste qu'il faut », National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute / Stanford University, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, Membres de la Cour suprême des États-Unis, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Board of Regents, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building, Attentat de l'église baptiste de la 16e rue, Marche sur Washington pour l'emploi et la liberté, Église épiscopale méthodiste africaine de Sion, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thurgood_Marshall&oldid=176231326, Personnalité inhumée au cimetière national d'Arlington, Membre de la National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Récipiendaire de la médaille présidentielle de la Liberté, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Page utilisant le modèle Autorité avec un paramètre local, Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Politique, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence.

Best Canned Hominy, Once Upon A Time Hercules And Meg, Easy Calorie Counting, Viscosity Of Water At Room Temperature, Cabinet Dream Meaning, Discrete Mathematics Notes, Endless Winter Board Game, Patriarchy Theory Definition, How To Use Green Tea For Skin Whitening,