In the early phase of the welding process (Fig. Time–temperature profiles at the axial center and the periphery are shown in Fig. As a result, this graphite morphology exhibits no elastic behavior and fails in tension without a significant plastic deformation [13, 47]. The increase in the amount of deformation in thickness (about 40%) led to the elongation of graphite through the metal matrix. Cite this article. The carbon equivalent of nodular cast iron was used in the experiment according recommendations of the Ductile Iron Society (www.ductile.iron.org) using ANSI AWS D11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-018-1261-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-018-1261-y, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Mater Des 34:444–451, Winiczenko R, Kaczorowski M (2013) Friction welding of ductile iron with stainless steel. However, when thermal stress was further developed in the adjacent areas, another crack initiated from the graphite particle and propagated in the metal matrix [44]. Sci Technol Weld Join 15:706–711, Chang HT, Wang CJ, Cheng CP (2013) Friction stir lap welded low carbon steel and ductile iron: microstructure and mechanical properties. Both temperature and increasing temperature gradient at the axial center were higher than those at the periphery. As indicated by all of the thermocouple measurements, the analyzed metal experienced a slow rise in temperature to a peak value during welding. Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland, Department of Mechanics and Weaponry Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, 02-524, Warsaw, Poland, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. There were noticeable differences in the width of the heat-affected zones and the amount of flash produced in the welds by opting for different welding conditions. The microstructures, mechanical properties, and temperature distributions in nodular cast iron friction-welded joint, $$T = \frac{a}{{b + \exp (c{\text{t}})}}$$, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-018-1261-y. 0000021455 00000 n PubMed Google Scholar. The welding region was composed of deformed graphite nodules, coarse pearlite, proeutectoid ferrite, and acicular martensite. 0000011432 00000 n 3b). 0000006410 00000 n The empirical models used to describe the temperature curves of welding process during heating and cooling phase are shown in Tables 3 and 4. The carbon equivalent of nodular cast iron is shown as the red line in Fig. It is clear that, at this high amount of reduction, the matrix was deformed around graphite, especially at both sharp ends of angular graphite. 4a) for welding time t = 95 s. Temperature reached peak value, but did not exceed the melting point of nodular cast iron, i.e., 1130 °C. [�|���f,/A8�,�P���^�N�^�L���;����K�#R/��R�c�"]�\a'\�R� +��̨���5ʙ�h;�D}�0,���ﭗ��u�0�JF2�m��Z�|7�D��ؓ�]� ��.G/�1o�|M�R�@�w��"B��Z�O$m�I+�ʐT��r�I. <]>> Fracture surface micrographs showing a mixture of dimple and a cleavage pattern mode for tensile test specimen with the optimum parameters a, b cleavage fracture with river markings; c, d shallow dimples with microvoid coalescence visible in the central part of the micrograph. Maximum hardness at the interface in the TMAZ and the heat-affected zone reached 603 HV and 345 HV, respectively. 13a). Figure 8 shows a Fe–C binary diagram with major transformation boundaries, as well as the associated phases and microstructures. 0000014904 00000 n It can be seen that there are multiple cracks and deformed graphite nodules in the path of the cracks. Final microstructures in welding zones of friction weld were composed of pearlite, proeutectoid ferrite, and acicular martensite around the graphite nodules. Magn. Microstructure observations of the welded joints given in the form of a function of distance from the weld interface are given in Fig. Figure 14 shows the Vicker’s hardness profile of the nodular cast iron cross-section following welding process. Figure 3 shows the heat-affected zone formulated during the friction stage of welding process.

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