Geophy J Int 213:2060–2070. Maldives Report", "Death toll in Asian tsunami disaster tops 159,000", "Asian tsunami death toll passes 144,000", "Tsunami Evaluation Coalition: Initial Findings", "The South Sandwich Islands earthquake of 27 June 1929: seismological study and inference on tsunami risk for the southern Atlantic", "YEMEN: Tsunami damage over US$1 million – UNEP assessment", "Tsunamis Devastate Fisherfolk of Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea", "Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihoods", "Food supply and food security situation in countries affected by the Asia tsunami – Indonesia", "Demand for FRP boats rise after tsunami", Tsunami's salt water may leave islands uninhabitable, "The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Socio-Economic Impacts in Thailand", Tsunami redrew ship channels, ocean floor. Moreover, the cost of damage in the transport sector was reported in the tens of thousands. *Correspondence: Ario Muhammad, ario.muhammad@bristol.ac.uk, Front. YI and MO designed the research plan. Two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform is calculated to obtain the 2D normalized power spectrum (middle panel of Figure 3C). Lett. Since the media coverage of the event was so extensive, many tourists cancelled vacations and trips to that part of the world, even though their travel destinations may not have been affected. Therefore, it can be concluded that the tsunami risk potential in Padang is high due to the future tsunamigenic event from the Mentawai segment of the Sunda subduction zone. Sci. The best power parameter (Box–Cox parameter) can be determined by calculating the linear correlation coefficient of the standard normal variable and the transformed variable of the slip values (after standardization). Minoura K, Sugawara D, Yamanoi T, Yamada T. Tohoku J Exp Med. A recent significant earthquake occurred in the Mentawai segment was the Mw 8.4 12 September 2007 Bengkulu earthquake. Vak. An oceanic trench several kilometres wide was exposed in the earthquake zone.[40]. This assumption is based on the paleogeodetic study that finds the potential of giant earthquakes is high in the Mentawai segment as the source earthquake region for the 1797 and 1833 events (Chlieh et al., 2008; Sieh et al., 2008). 11, 3107–3123. 85, 1348–1357. First, earthquake source parameters, i.e., W, L, Da, Dm, λ, Az, Ax, and H, are generated using the prediction models (Tables 2 and 3). doi:10.1029/2000JB900120, Sieh, K., Natawidjaja, D. H., Meltzner, A. J., Shen, C. C., Cheng, H., Li, K. S., et al. J Geod 83:335–343. [55] John Chroston, a biology teacher from Scotland, also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground. In Figure 4, the source parameters for the model 19 by Muhari et al. Tsunami observation sites were placed at 2.5 km intervals on the 3-m isobath along the coastline facing the source area (Fig. This considerably outweighed the allocation by the government to disaster relief and reconstruction of £75 million and came to an average of about £5.50 (US$10) donated by every citizen. The applicable wavenumber range for the spectral analysis is then defined by considering the original grid resolution and the characteristic size of the fault plane (right panel of Figure 3C). The line with triangular teeth indicates the thrust fault on the plate interface at the trough axis. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Cells for which at least one of its three sides would be common with a cell of the pre-existing rupture area were selected. These results show that the near-field PNTA distribution can be strongly affected by both fault-slip distributions and interference of tsunami waves coming from different directions. Run up level up to 3.8 m (12 ft) have been measured.[82]. The medians of the simulated tsunami wave profiles recorded at three stations demonstrate results that are comparable to the Muhari et al. [25] As well as continuing aftershocks, the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event. This ripple effect could especially be felt in the inland provinces of Thailand, such as Krabi, which acted as a starting point for many other tourist destinations in Thailand. The largest run-up measured was at 12.5 m (41 ft) with inundation distance of 390–1,500 m (1,280–4,920 ft) in Yala. Earth Planet. To evaluate the differences of tsunami simulation results between excluding and including the uncertainty of the scaling relationships, 150 points are selected to record the maximum tsunami wave height along the coastal line of Padang starting from Tabing to Teluk Bayur (see Figure 10A). Occurs most commonly after megathrust earthquakes b. Tectonic plates release massive amount of energy into water causing energy to travel up to surface displacing water and raising it above normal sea level c. Then gravity pulls it back down energy ripple outward horizontally creating a tsunami 3. Megathrust earthquakes that occur repeatedly along the plate interface of subduction zones can cause severe damage due to strong ground motion and the destructive tsunamis they can generate. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07572, Li L, Switzer AD, Chan CH, Wang Y, Weiss R, Qiu Q (2016) How heterogeneous coseismic slip affects regional probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment: a case study in the South China Sea. Table 1. Subduction zone megathrust earthquakes, the most powerful earthquakes in the world, can produce tsunamis through a variety of structures that are missed by simple models. ( a ) Map of the study…, Cross sections of relocated earthquakes with magnitude ≥ 4.0. This study implements the stochastic tsunami simulation to assess the tsunami hazard in Padang areas. In general, the medians of tsunami wave profiles are similar to those produced without considering the uncertainty of the scaling relationships. The Fourier integral method: an efficient spectral method for simulation of random fields. [77][78][79][80] Extensive tsunami simulation for the future tsunamigenic earthquakes is conducted by developing a large number of stochastic earthquake slip models for different magnitude ranges. Seismic history and seismotectonics of the Sunda arc. 117, B01302. Therefore, the potential for large tsunamigenic events in the Mentawai segment remains high (Konca et al., 2008). Available at: http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/slip_history/2007_c_sumatra/c-sumatra.html, Tanioka, Y., and Satake, K. (1996). Preliminary Result 02/20/2008 (Mw 7.4), Simeulue Earthquake, Indonesia. However, tourists were reluctant to do so for psychological reasons. regular newsletters, brochures, J Geophys Res 121:6250–6272. [97] However, the estimated number of dead and missing in Indonesia were later reduced by over 50,000. 2015; Li et al. [137], Many health professionals and aid workers have reported widespread psychological trauma associated with the tsunami. Another historical earthquake event occurred in 1797 produced a destructive tsunami at Padang and nearby. (2016) and set the probability to 0 beyond the southwestern boundary of the source area shown in Fig. The figures show that neglecting the uncertainty of the scaling relationships leads to identical dimensions (L and W) of the generated earthquake source models and the same slip statistics values for different realizations. (2020) observed that stochastic slip distributions based on the SDR better accounted for historical flow depth measurements observed in Iquique compared to cases where only uniform slip distributions or deterministic slip distributions based solely on the SDR were used. This was succeeded by the appearance of two large black-coloured steep waves which travelled inland into the capital city. Large variations in the temporal tsunami wave profiles are observed at the recording points 1 to 3 (P1 to P3). Basically, the asperity zone serves as crude constraints of the generated source model regarding the spatial distribution of earthquake slip within the fault plane. The World Food Programme provided food aid to more than 1.3 million people affected by the tsunami. [159], Megathrust underwater earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean, Campbell, Matthew; Loveard, Keith; et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008877, Tsushima H, Hirata K, Hayashi Y, Tanioka Y, Kimura K, Sakai S, Shinohara M, Kanazawa Y, Hino R, Maeda K (2011) Near-field tsunami forecasting using offshore tsunami data from the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake.

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